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Frequently asked questions
==========================

.. _faq-howto-handle-deprecation-warning:

I cannot suppress the deprecation warning that ``cryptography`` emits on import
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.. hint::

The deprecation warning emitted on import does not inherit
:py:exc:`DeprecationWarning` but inherits :py:exc:`UserWarning`
instead.

If your pytest setup follows the best practices of failing on
emitted warnings (``filterwarnings = error``), you may ignore it
by adding the following line at the end of the list::

ignore:Python 2 is no longer supported by the Python core team. Support for it is now deprecated in cryptography, and will be removed in a future release.:UserWarning:cryptography

**Note:** Using ``cryptography.utils.CryptographyDeprecationWarning``
is not possible here because specifying it triggers
``import cryptography`` internally that emits the warning before
the ignore rule even kicks in.

Ref: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/7524

The same applies when you use :py:func:`~warnings.filterwarnings` in
your code or invoke CPython with :std:option:`-W` command line option.

``cryptography`` failed to install!
-----------------------------------

If you are having issues installing ``cryptography`` the first troubleshooting
step is to upgrade ``pip`` and then try to install again. For most users this will
take the form of ``pip install -U pip``, but on Windows you should do
``python -m pip install -U pip``. If you are still seeing errors after upgrading
and trying ``pip install cryptography`` again, please see the :doc:`/installation`
documentation.

How does ``cryptography`` compare to NaCl (Networking and Cryptography Library)?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

While ``cryptography`` and `NaCl`_ both share the goal of making cryptography
easier, and safer, to use for developers, ``cryptography`` is designed to be a
general purpose library, interoperable with existing systems, while NaCl
features a collection of hand selected algorithms.

``cryptography``'s :ref:`recipes <cryptography-layout>` layer has similar goals
to NaCl.

If you prefer NaCl's design, we highly recommend `PyNaCl`_, which is also
maintained by the PyCA team.

Why use ``cryptography``?
-------------------------

If you've done cryptographic work in Python before you have likely encountered
other libraries in Python such as *M2Crypto*, *PyCrypto*, or *PyOpenSSL*. In
building ``cryptography`` we wanted to address a few issues we observed in the
legacy libraries:

* Extremely error prone APIs and insecure defaults.
* Use of poor implementations of algorithms (i.e. ones with known side-channel
attacks).
* Lack of maintenance.
* Lack of high level APIs.
* Lack of PyPy and Python 3 support.
* Absence of algorithms such as
:class:`AES-GCM <cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.modes.GCM>` and
:class:`~cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf.HKDF`.

Compiling ``cryptography`` on macOS produces a ``fatal error: 'openssl/aes.h' file not found`` error
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This happens because macOS 10.11 no longer includes a copy of OpenSSL.
``cryptography`` now provides wheels which include a statically linked copy of
OpenSSL. You're seeing this error because your copy of pip is too old to find
our wheel files. Upgrade your copy of pip with ``pip install -U pip`` and then
try install ``cryptography`` again.

If you are using PyPy, we do not currently ship ``cryptography`` wheels for
PyPy. You will need to install your own copy of OpenSSL -- we recommend using
Homebrew.

``cryptography`` raised an ``InternalError`` and I'm not sure what to do?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Frequently ``InternalError`` is raised when there are errors on the OpenSSL
error stack that were placed there by other libraries that are also using
OpenSSL. Try removing the other libraries and see if the problem persists.
If you have no other libraries using OpenSSL in your process, or they do not
appear to be at fault, it's possible that this is a bug in ``cryptography``.
Please file an `issue`_ with instructions on how to reproduce it.

error: ``-Werror=sign-conversion``: No option ``-Wsign-conversion`` during installation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The compiler you are using is too old and not supported by ``cryptography``.
Please upgrade to a more recent version. If you are running OpenBSD 6.1 or
earlier the default compiler is extremely old. Use ``pkg_add`` to install a
newer ``gcc`` and then install ``cryptography`` using
``CC=/path/to/newer/gcc pip install cryptography``.

Installing ``cryptography`` fails with ``Invalid environment marker: python_version < '3'``
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Your ``pip`` and/or ``setuptools`` are outdated. Please upgrade to the latest
versions with ``pip install -U pip setuptools`` (or on Windows
``python -m pip install -U pip setuptools``).

Importing cryptography causes a ``RuntimeError`` about OpenSSL 1.0.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------

The OpenSSL project has dropped support for the 1.0.2 release series. Since it
is no longer receiving security patches from upstream, ``cryptography`` is also
dropping support for it. To fix this issue you should upgrade to a newer
version of OpenSSL (1.1.0 or later). This may require you to upgrade to a newer
operating system.

For the 3.2 release, you can set the ``CRYPTOGRAPHY_ALLOW_OPENSSL_102``
environment variable. Please note that this is *temporary* and will be removed
in ``cryptography`` 3.3.

Installing cryptography with OpenSSL 0.9.8, 1.0.0, 1.0.1 fails
--------------------------------------------------------------

The OpenSSL project has dropped support for the 0.9.8, 1.0.0, and 1.0.1 release
series. Since they are no longer receiving security patches from upstream,
``cryptography`` is also dropping support for them. To fix this issue you
should upgrade to a newer version of OpenSSL (1.0.2 or later). This may require
you to upgrade to a newer operating system.

Why are there no wheels for Python 3.6+ on Linux or macOS?
----------------------------------------------------------

Our Python3 wheels, for macOS and Linux, are ``abi3`` wheels. This means they
support multiple versions of Python. The Python 3.5 ``abi3`` wheel can be used
with any version of Python greater than or equal to 3.5. Recent versions of
``pip`` will automatically install ``abi3`` wheels.

Why can't I import my PEM file?
-------------------------------

PEM is a format (defined by several RFCs, but originally :rfc:`1421`) for
encoding keys, certificates and others cryptographic data into a regular form.
The data is encoded as base64 and wrapped with a header and footer.

If you are having trouble importing PEM files, make sure your file fits
the following rules:

* has a one-line header like this: ``-----BEGIN [FILE TYPE]-----``
(where ``[FILE TYPE]`` is ``CERTIFICATE``, ``PUBLIC KEY``, ``PRIVATE KEY``,
etc.)

* has a one-line footer like this: ``-----END [FILE TYPE]-----``

* all lines, except for the final one, must consist of exactly 64
characters.

For example, this is a PEM file for a RSA Public Key: ::

.. _`NaCl`: https://nacl.cr.yp.to/
.. _`PyNaCl`: https://pynacl.readthedocs.io
.. _`WSGIApplicationGroup`: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/configuration-directives/WSGIApplicationGroup.html
.. _`issue`: https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues